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中国网络自由观察:全球新闻自由度创12年来最低,香港情况恶化

2016年04月29日 综合新闻 ⁄ 共 4572字 ⁄ 字号 暂无评论

余大江转自纽约时报中文网

Press Freedom Weakened Around the World in 2015, Report Says

全球新闻自由度创12年来最低,香港情况恶化

Press freedom suffered throughout the world in 2015, declining to its weakest level in 12 years because of attacks and intimidation by political, criminal and militant forces that sought to mute or control the news media, a prominent democracy advocacy group said in an annual report published Wednesday.

一家著名的民主倡导团体在周三发布的年度报告中称,因为政治、犯罪和激进力量试图打压或控制新闻媒体,世界各地的新闻自由在2015年受到重创,达到12年来的最低水平。

The report by the group, Freedom House, supports statistical and anecdotal evidence showing that assaults on members of the news media are spreading beyond chronically dangerous areas for journalists like parts of the Middle East, North Africa, South Asia and Latin America.

统计数据和传闻显示,对新闻媒体从业人员的袭击正在从中东、北非、南亚和拉美的部分地区等传统危险地带向外扩散。这些证据得到了自由之家(Freedom House)发布的这份报告的支持。

“Media freedom declined not just in repressive societies, but also in Europe,” Jennifer Dunham, the director of research for the group’s Freedom of the Press report, said in announcing the release on the group’s website.

“媒体自由度下滑的现象不仅发生在专制社会,欧洲也未能幸免,”自由之家《新闻自由》(Freedom of the Press)报告的研究负责人珍妮弗·邓纳姆(Jennifer Dunham)在该组织的网站上宣布报告问世时说。

“Journalists in much of Europe had to contend with new threats from terrorists as well as new surveillance and security laws that could hamper their work,” Ms. Dunham said. “Political leaders in Poland, Serbia and other countries sought greater control over national media.”

“欧洲很多地区的记者不得不与恐怖分子构成的新威胁及新出台的可能会阻碍他们工作的监控和安保法规作斗争,”邓纳姆说。“波兰、塞尔维亚和其他一些国家的政治领导人试图加强对全国性媒体的控制。”

In China, she said, where the news media is already heavily restricted, censorship increased over information about the financial system and pollution. The press intimidation extended to Hong Kong, a former British colony that was guaranteed a continuation of its freewheeling system for 50 years after its transfer to China in 1997.

她说,在新闻媒体本就严格受控的中国,有关金融系统和环境污染的信息受到的审查加强。对媒体的恐吓也延伸到了香港。那里曾是英国殖民地,获许在1997年回归中国后继续保持自由制度50年。

“Professional journalists from established news outlets — as well as Hong Kong-based booksellers — were detained, imprisoned and forced to give televised confessions, representing a disturbing new pattern of repression,” Ms. Dunham said.

“老牌新闻机构的专业记者——以及香港的书商——遭拘押、监禁、被迫在电视上认罪。这代表着一种新的压迫形式,令人不安,”邓纳姆说。

While democracy is widespread in Latin America, news organizations there faced increased threats both from criminal gangs and the authorities. In Mexico, Ms. Dunham said, journalists who sought to cover organized crime and corruption faced “extreme levels of violence, and the government has proven completely unable, or unwilling, to address the problem.”

尽管拉美国家广泛采用民主制度,但那里的新闻机构面临的来自犯罪团伙和当局的威胁均有所增加。邓纳姆称,在墨西哥,希望报道有组织犯罪和腐败的记者面临着“极端水平的暴力,而事实证明政府完全无力或是不愿解决这个问题。”

Freedom House, which has offices in Washington and New York, has been measuring press freedom around the world since 1980, based on a complex scoring system derived from research about the ability of print, broadcast and digital media organizations to operate freely and without threat of repercussion.

自1980年以来,在华盛顿和纽约设有办事机构的自由之家一直在衡量世界各地的新闻自由。它依据的是一套复杂的打分系统,源自对平面媒体、传播和数字媒体机构不受后果威胁而自由行动的能力进行的研究。

Numerical scores from 0 to 100 are given to 199 countries and territories. The lower the score, the freer the news media.

全部199个国家和地区会得到0至100不等的分数。分数越低,则新闻媒体越自由。

The global average score for 2015 was 48.9, the worst since 2003, when the average was 45.53.

在2015年,全球的平均分是48.9分,创下2003年45.53分以来的最糟成绩。

The countries that suffered the largest declines in press freedom included Bangladesh, Turkey, Burundi, France, Serbia, Yemen, Egypt, Macedonia and Zimbabwe. The countries or territories ranked as the worst included Belarus, Crimea, Cuba, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Iran, North Korea, Syria, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

新闻自由下降最严重的国家包括孟加拉国、土耳其、布隆迪、法国、塞尔维亚、也门、埃及、马其顿和津巴布韦。新闻自由状况最恶劣的国家和地区则有白俄罗斯、克里米亚、古巴、赤道几内亚、厄立特里亚、伊朗、朝鲜、叙利亚、土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦。

Repression was deadliest in the Middle East and North Africa, where journalists were under increased pressure to display fealty to political leaders and risked violent attacks by extremist groups like the Islamic State.

中东和北非的压迫最为致命。这两个地区的新闻从业人员需向政治领袖显示忠诚的压力在增加,且面临着被伊斯兰国(Islamic State)这样的极端组织暴力攻击的风险。

The Freedom House report coincided with the release of an annual appraisal of news media freedom by another press-advocacy organization, the Committee to Protect Journalists, which focused on sexualized violence and gender-based discrimination against journalists.

自由之家发布报告之际,正值另一个记者权益倡导组织“保护记者委员会”(Committee to Protect Journalists)发布新闻媒体自由年度评估结果。该委员会的侧重点是新闻从业人员遭遇的性暴力和性别歧视。

The appraisal, a collection of essays about abuse and harassment experienced mainly by female, gay and transgender journalists, did not include statistical data on trends. But Joel Simon, the executive director of the organization, said in the introduction that more victims were speaking out. “By doing so, they are helping reduce the stigma,” he said, and will make the organization “better able to document the violations.”

这项评估以一部文集的形式呈现,不包含能显示发展趋势的统计数据。收录的文章主要介绍了记者中的女性、同性恋和跨性别者遭遇的虐待与骚扰。但该组织的执行理事乔尔·西蒙(Joel Simon)在文集的序言中称,发声的受害者在增多。“他们这么做是在帮助减少这种耻辱,”他说,并且会让该组织“更好地记录违规现象”。

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